Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI

Status of this Memo

Abstract

The only significant protocol change in SNTP Version 4 over previous versions of NTP and SNTP is a modified header interpretation to accommodate Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) [DEE96] and OSI [COL94] addressing. However, SNTP Version 4 includes certain optional extensions to the basic Version 3 model, including an anycast mode and an authentication scheme designed specifically for multicast and anycast modes. While the anycast mode extension is described in this document, the authentication scheme extension will be described in another document to be published later. Until such time that a definitive specification is published, these extensions should be considered provisional.

This memorandum obsoletes RFC-1769, which describes SNTP Version 3. Its purpose is to correct certain inconsistencies in the previous document and to clarify header formats and protocol operations for current NTP Version 3 (IPv4) and proposed NTP Version 4 (IPv6 and OSI), which are also used for SNTP. A working knowledge of the NTP Version 3 specification RFC-1305 is not required for an implementation of SNTP.

1. Introduction

RFC-1305 specifies the NTP Version 3 protocol machine in terms of events, states, transition functions and actions and, in addition, engineered algorithms to improve the timekeeping quality and mitigate among several synchronization sources, some of which may be faulty. To achieve accuracies in the low milliseconds over paths spanning major portions of the Internet of today, these intricate algorithms, or their functional equivalents, are necessary. However, in many cases accuracies in the order of significant fractions of a second are acceptable. In such cases, simpler protocols such as the Time Protocol [POS83], have been used for this purpose. These protocols usually involve an RPC exchange where the client requests the time of day and the server returns it in seconds past some known reference epoch.

NTP is designed for use by clients and servers with a wide range of capabilities and over a wide range of network delays and jitter characteristics. Most users of the Internet NTP synchronization subnet of today use a software package including the full suite of NTP options and algorithms, which are relatively complex, real-time applications (see http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~ntp). While the software has been ported to a wide variety of hardware platforms ranging from personal computers to supercomputers, its sheer size and complexity is not appropriate for many applications. Accordingly, it is useful to explore alternative access strategies using simpler software appropriate for less stringent accuracy expectations.

This document describes the Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Version 4, which is a simplified access strategy for servers and clients using NTP Version 3 as now specified and deployed in the Internet, as well as NTP Version 4 now under development. The access paradigm is identical to the UDP/TIME Protocol and, in fact, it should be easily possible to adapt a UDP/TIME client implementation, say for a personal computer, to operate using SNTP. Moreover, SNTP is also designed to operate in a dedicated server configuration including an integrated radio clock. With careful design and control of the various latencies in the system, which is practical in a dedicated design, it is possible to deliver time accurate to the order of microseconds.

SNTP Version 4 is designed to coexist with existing NTP and SNTP Version 3 clients and servers, as well as proposed Version 4 clients and servers. When operating with current and previous versions of NTP and SNTP, SNTP Version 4 requires no changes to the protocol or implementations now running or likely to be implemented specifically for NTP ir SNTP Version 4. To a NTP or SNTP server, NTP and SNTP clients are undistinguishable; to a NTP or SNTP client, NTP and SNTP servers are undistinguishable. Like NTP servers operating in non- symmetric modes, SNTP servers are stateless and can support large numbers of clients; however, unlike most NTP clients, SNTP clients normally operate with only a single server. NTP and SNTP Version 3 servers can operate in unicast and multicast modes. In addition, SNTP Version 4 clients and servers can implement extensions to operate in anycast mode.

It is strongly recommended that SNTP be used only at the extremities of the synchronization subnet. SNTP clients should operate only at the leaves (highest stratum) of the subnet and in configurations where no NTP or SNTP client is dependent on another SNTP client for synchronization. SNTP servers should operate only at the root (stratum 1) of the subnet and then only in configurations where no other source of synchronization other than a reliable radio or modem time service is available. The full degree of reliability ordinarily expected of primary servers is possible only using the redundant sources, diverse subnet paths and crafted algorithms of a full NTP implementation. This extends to the primary source of synchronization itself in the form of multiple radio or modem sources and backup paths to other primary servers should all sources fail or the majority deliver incorrect time. Therefore, the use of SNTP rather than NTP in primary servers should be carefully considered.

An important provision in this document is the reinterpretation of certain NTP Versino 4 header fields which provide for IPv6 and OSI addressing and optional anycast extensions designed specifically for multicast service. These additions are in conjunction with the proposed NTP Version 4 specification, which will appear as a separate document. The only difference between the current NTP Version 3 and proposed NTP Version 4 header formats is the interpretation of the four-octet Reference Identifier field, which is used primarily to detect and avoid synchronization loops. In Version 3 and Version 4 primary (stratum-1) servers, this field contains the four-character ASCII reference identifier defined later in this document. In Version 3 secondary servers and clients, it contains the 32-bit IPv4 address of the synchronization source. In Version 4 secondary servers and clients, it contains the low order 32 bits of the last transmit timestamp received from the synchronization source. In the case of OSI, the Connectionless Transport Service (CLTS) is used [ISO86]. Each SNTP packet is transmitted as tht TS-Userdata parameter of a T-UNITDATA Request primitive. Alternately, the header can be encapsulated in a TPDU which itself is transported using UDP [DOB91]. It is not advised that NTP be operated at the upper layers of the OSI stack, such as might be inferred from [FUR94], as this could seriously degrade accuracy. With the header formats defined in this document, it is in principle possible to interwork between servers and clients of one protocol family and another, although the practical difficulties may make this inadvisable.

      In the following, indented paragraphs such as this one contain
      information not required by the formal protocol specification, but
      considered good practice in protocol implementations.

2. Operating Modes and Addressing

      Multicast servers should respond to client unicast requests, as
      well as send unsolicited multicast messages. Multicast clients may
      send unicast requests in order to determine the network
      propagation delay between the server and client and then continue
      operation in multicast mode.

Multicast clients listen on the designated local broadcast address or multicast group address. In the case of local broadcast addresses, no further provisions are necessary. In the case of IP multicast addresses, the multicast client and anycast server must implement the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) [DEE89], in order that the local router joins the multicast group and relays messages to the IPv4 or IPv6 multicast group addresses assigned by the IANA. Other than the IP addressing conventions and IGMP, there is no difference in server or client operations with either the local broadcast address or multicast group address.

      It is important to adjust the time-to-live (TTL) field in the IP
      header of multicast messages to a reasonable value, in order to
      limit the network resources used by this (and any other) multicast
      service. Only multicast clients in scope will receive multicast
      server messages. Only cooperating anycast servers in scope will
      reply to a client request. The engineering principles which
      determine the proper value to be used are beyond the scope of this
      document.

      In the case of SNTP as specified herein, there is a very real
      vulnerability that SNTP multicast clients can be disrupted by
      misbehaving or hostile SNTP or NTP multicast servers elsewhere in
      the Internet, since at present all such servers use the same IPv4
      multicast group address assigned by the IANA. Where necessary,
      access control based on the server source address can be used to
      select only the designated server known to and trusted by the
      client. The use of cryptographic authentication scheme defined in
      RFC-1305 is optional; however, implementors should be advised that
      extensions to this scheme are planned specifically for NTP
      multicast and anycast modes.
      While not integral to the SNTP specification, it is intended that
      IP broadcast addresses will be used primarily in IP subnets and
      LAN segments including a fully functional NTP server with a number
      of dependent SNTP multicast clients on the same subnet, while IP
      multicast group addresses will be used only in cases where the TTL
      is engineered specifically for each service domain.
      In NTP Version 3, the reference identifier was often used to
      walk-back the synchronization subnet to the root (primary server)
      for management purposes. In NTP Version 4, this feature is not
      available, since the addresses are longer than 32 bits. However,
      the intent in the protocol design was to provide a way to detect
      and avoid loops. A peer could determine that a loop was possible
      by comparing the contents of this field with the IPv4 destination
      address in the same packet. A NTP Version 4 server can accomplish
      the same thing by comparing the contents of this field with the
      low order 32 bits of the originate timestamp in the same packet.
      There is a small possibility of false alarm in this scheme, but
      the false alarm rate can be minimized by randomizing the low order
      unused bits of the transmit timestamp.

3. NTP Timestamp Format

Since NTP timestamps are cherished data and, in fact, represent the main product of the protocol, a special timestamp format has been established. NTP timestamps are represented as a 64-bit unsigned fixed-point number, in seconds relative to 0h on 1 January 1900. The integer part is in the first 32 bits and the fraction part in the last 32 bits. In the fraction part, the non-significant low order can be set to 0.

      It is advisable to fill the non-significant low order bits of the
      timestamp with a random, unbiased bitstring, both to avoid
      systematic roundoff errors and as a means of loop detection and
      replay detection (see below). One way of doing this is to generate
      a random bitstring in a 64-bit word, then perform an arithmetic
      right shift a number of bits equal to the number of significant
      bits of the timestamp, then add the result to the original
      timestamp.

1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                           Seconds                                   |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                  Seconds Fraction (0-padded)                        |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Note that, since some time in 1968 (second 2,147,483,648) the most significant bit (bit 0 of the integer part) has been set and that the 64-bit field will overflow some time in 2036 (second 4,294,967,296). Should NTP or SNTP be in use in 2036, some external means will be necessary to qualify time relative to 1900 and time relative to 2036 (and other multiples of 136 years). There will exist a 200-picosecond interval, henceforth ignored, every 136 years when the 64-bit field will be 0, which by convention is interpreted as an invalid or unavailable timestamp.

      As the NTP timestamp format has been in use for the last 17 years,
      it remains a possibility that it will be in use 40 years from now
      when the seconds field overflows. As it is probably inappropriate
      to archive NTP timestamps before bit 0 was set in 1968, a
      convenient way to extend the useful life of NTP timestamps is the
      following convention: If bit 0 is set, the UTC time is in the
      range 1968-2036 and UTC time is reckoned from 0h 0m 0s UTC on 1
      January 1900. If bit 0 is not set, the time is in the range 2036-
      2104 and UTC time is reckoned from 6h 28m 16s UTC on 7 February
      2036. Note that when calculating the correspondence, 2000 is not a
      leap year. Note also that leap seconds are not counted in the
      reckoning.

4. NTP Message Format

                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |LI | VN  |Mode |    Stratum    |     Poll      |   Precision   |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                          Root Delay                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                       Root Dispersion                         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                     Reference Identifier                      |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                   Reference Timestamp (64)                    |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                   Originate Timestamp (64)                    |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                    Receive Timestamp (64)                     |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                    Transmit Timestamp (64)                    |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                 Key Identifier (optional) (32)                |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      |                                                               |
      |                 Message Digest (optional) (128)               |
      |                                                               |
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      LI       Value     Meaning
      -------------------------------------------------------
      00       0         no warning
      01       1         last minute has 61 seconds
      10       2         last minute has 59 seconds)
      11       3         alarm condition (clock not synchronized)

Mode: This is a three-bit integer indicating the mode, with values defined as follows:

      Mode     Meaning
      ------------------------------------
      0        reserved
      1        symmetric active
      2        symmetric passive
      3        client
      4        server
      5        broadcast
      6        reserved for NTP control message
      7        reserved for private use

Stratum: This is a eight-bit unsigned integer indicating the stratum level of the local clock, with values defined as follows:

      Stratum  Meaning
      ----------------------------------------------
      0        unspecified or unavailable
      1        primary reference (e.g., radio clock)
      2-15     secondary reference (via NTP or SNTP)
      16-255   reserved

Precision: This is an eight-bit signed integer indicating the precision of the local clock, in seconds to the nearest power of two. The values that normally appear in this field range from -6 for mains-frequency clocks to -20 for microsecond clocks found in some workstations.

Root Delay: This is a 32-bit signed fixed-point number indicating the total roundtrip delay to the primary reference source, in seconds with fraction point between bits 15 and 16. Note that this variable can take on both positive and negative values, depending on the relative time and frequency offsets. The values that normally appear in this field range from negative values of a few milliseconds to positive values of several hundred milliseconds.

Root Dispersion: This is a 32-bit unsigned fixed-point number indicating the nominal error relative to the primary reference source, in seconds with fraction point between bits 15 and 16. The values that normally appear in this field range from 0 to several hundred milliseconds.

Reference Identifier: This is a 32-bit bitstring identifying the particular reference source. In the case of NTP Version 3 or Version 4 stratum-0 (unspecified) or stratum-1 (primary) servers, this is a four-character ASCII string, left justified and zero padded to 32 bits. In NTP Version 3 secondary servers, this is the 32-bit IPv4 address of the reference source. In NTP Version 4 secondary servers, this is the low order 32 bits of the latest transmit timestamp of the reference source. NTP primary (stratum 1) servers should set this field to a code identifying the external reference source according to the following list. If the external reference is one of those listed, the associated code should be used. Codes for sources not listed can be contrived as appropriate.

      Code     External Reference Source
      ----------------------------------------------------------------
      LOCL     uncalibrated local clock used as a primary reference for
               a subnet without external means of synchronization
      PPS      atomic clock or other pulse-per-second source
               individually calibrated to national standards
      ACTS     NIST dialup modem service
      USNO     USNO modem service
      PTB      PTB (Germany) modem service
      TDF      Allouis (France) Radio 164 kHz
      DCF      Mainflingen (Germany) Radio 77.5 kHz
      MSF      Rugby (UK) Radio 60 kHz
      WWV      Ft. Collins (US) Radio 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
      WWVB     Boulder (US) Radio 60 kHz
      WWVH     Kaui Hawaii (US) Radio 2.5, 5, 10, 15 MHz
      CHU      Ottawa (Canada) Radio 3330, 7335, 14670 kHz
      LORC     LORAN-C radionavigation system
      OMEG     OMEGA radionavigation system
      GPS      Global Positioning Service
      GOES     Geostationary Orbit Environment Satellite

Originate Timestamp: This is the time at which the request departed the client for the server, in 64-bit timestamp format.

Receive Timestamp: This is the time at which the request arrived at the server, in 64-bit timestamp format.

Transmit Timestamp: This is the time at which the reply departed the server for the client, in 64-bit timestamp format.

Authenticator (optional): When the NTP authentication scheme is implemented, the Key Identifier and Message Digest fields contain the message authentication code (MAC) information defined in Appendix C of RFC-1305.

5. SNTP Client Operations

A unicast or anycast client initializes the NTP message header, sends the request to the server and strips the time of day from the Transmit Timestamp field of the reply. For this purpose, all of the NTP header fields shown above can be set to 0, except the first octet and (optional) Transmit Timestamp fields. In the first octet, the LI field is set to 0 (no warning) and the Mode field is set to 3 (client). The VN field must agree with the version number of the NTP/SNTP server; however, Version 4 servers will also accept previous versions. Version 3 (RFC-1305) and Version 2 (RFC-1119) servers already accept all previous versions, including Version 1 (RFC-1059). Note that Version 0 (RFC-959) is no longer supported by any other version.

Since there will probably continue to be NTP and SNTP servers of all four versions interoperating in the Internet, careful consideration should be given to the version used by SNTP Version 4 clients. It is recommended that clients use the latest version known to be supported by the selected server in the interest of the highest accuracy and reliability. SNTP Version 4 clients can interoperate with all previous version NTP and SNTP servers, since the header fields used by SNTP clients are unchanged. Version 4 servers are required to reply in the same version as the request, so the VN field of the request also specifies the version of the reply.

While not necessary in a conforming client implementation, in unicast and anycast modes it highly recommended that the transmit timestamp in the request is set to the time of day according to the client clock in NTP timestamp format. This allows a simple calculation to determine the propagation delay between the server and client and to align the local clock generally within a few tens of milliseconds relative to the server. In addition, this provides a simple method to verify that the server reply is in fact a legitimate response to the specific client request and avoid replays. In multicast mode, the client has no information to calculate the propagation delay or determine the validity of the server, unless the NTP authentication scheme is used.

To calculate the roundtrip delay d and local clock offset t relative to the server, the client sets the transmit timestamp in the request to the time of day according to the client clock in NTP timestamp

When the server reply is received, the client determines a Destination Timestamp variable as the time of arrival according to its clock in NTP timestamp format. The following table summarizes the four timestamps.

      Timestamp Name          ID   When Generated
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      Originate Timestamp     T1   time request sent by client
      Receive Timestamp       T2   time request received by server
      Transmit Timestamp      T3   time reply sent by server
      Destination Timestamp   T4   time reply received by client

      d = (T4 - T1) - (T2 - T3)     t = ((T2 - T1) + (T3 - T4)) / 2.

      Field Name              Unicast/Anycast          Multicast
                              Request    Reply
      ----------------------------------------------------------
      LI                      0          0-2           0-2
      VN                      1-4        copied from   1-4
                                         request
      Mode                    3          4             5
      Stratum                 0          1-14          1-14
      Poll                    0          ignore        ignore
      Precision               0          ignore        ignore
      Root Delay              0          ignore        ignore
      Root Dispersion         0          ignore        ignore
      Reference Identifier    0          ignore        ignore
      Reference Timestamp     0          ignore        ignore
      Originate Timestamp     0          (see text)    ignore
      Receive Timestamp       0          (see text)    ignore
      Transmit Timestamp      (see text) nonzero       nonzero
      Authenticator           optional   optional      optional

6. SNTP Server Operations

A SNTP server can operate in unicast mode, anycast mode, multicast mode or any combination of these modes. In unicast and anycast modes, the server receives a request (mode 3), modifies certain fields in the NTP header, and sends a reply (mode 4), possibly using the same message buffer as the request. In anycast mode, the server listens on the designated local broadcast or multicast group address assigned by the IANA, but uses its own unicast address in the source address field of the reply. Other than the selection of address in the reply, the operations of anycast and unicast servers are identical. Multicast messages are normally sent at poll intervals from 64 s to 1024 s, depending on the expected frequency tolerance of the client clocks and the required accuracy.

In unicast and anycast modes, the VN and Poll fields of the request are copied intact to the reply. If the Mode field of the request is 3 (client), it is set to 4 (server) in the reply; otherwise, this field is set to 2 (symmetric passive) in order to conform to the NTP specification. This allows clients configured in symmetric active (mode 1) to interoperate successfully, even if configured in possibly suboptimal ways. In multicast (unsolicited) mode, the VN field is set to 4, the Mode field is set to 5 (broadcast), and the Poll field set to the nearest integer base-2 logarithm of the poll interval.

      Note that it is highly desirable that, if a server supports
      multicast mode, it also supports unicast mode. This is so a
      potential multicast client can calculate the propagation delay
      using a client/server exchange prior to regular operation using
      only multicast mode. If the server supports anycast mode, then it
      must support unicast mode. There does not seem to be a great
      advantage to operate both multicast and anycast modes at the same
      time, although the protocol specification does not forbid it.

The remaining fields of the NTP header are set in the following way. Assuming the server is synchronized to a radio clock or other primary reference source and operating correctly, the LI field is set to 0 and the Stratum field is set to 1 (primary server); if not, the Stratum field is set to 0 and the LI field is set to 3. The Precision field is set to reflect the maximum reading error of the local clock. For all practical cases it is computed as the negative of the number of significant bits to the right of the decimal point in the NTP timestamp format. The Root Delay and Root Dispersion fields are set to 0 for a primary server; optionally, the Root Dispersion field can be set to a value corresponding to the maximum expected error of the radio clock itself. The Reference Identifier is set to designate the primary reference source, as indicated in the table of Section 5 of this document.

The timestamp fields are set as follows. If the server is unsynchronized or first coming up, all timestamp fields are set to zero. If synchronized, the Reference Timestamp is set to the time the last update was received from the radio clock or modem. In unicast and anycast modes, the Receive Timestamp and Transmit Timestamp fields are set to the time of day when the message is sent and the Originate Timestamp field is copied unchanged from the Transmit Timestamp field of the request. It is important that this field be copied intact, as a NTP client uses it to avoid replays. In multicast mode, the Originate Timestamp and Receive Timestamp fields are set to 0 and the Transmit Timestamp field is set to the time of day when the message is sent. The following table summarizes these actions.

      Field Name              Unicast/Anycast          Multicast
                              Request    Reply
      ----------------------------------------------------------
      LI                      ignore     0 or 3        0 or 3
      VN                      1-4        copied from   4
                                         request
      Mode                    3          2 or 4        5
      Stratum                 ignore     1             1
      Poll                    ignore     copied from   log2 poll
                                         request       interval
      Precision               ignore     -log2 server  -log2 server
                                         significant   significant
                                         bits          bits
      Root Delay              ignore     0             0
      Root Dispersion         ignore     0             0
      Reference Identifier    ignore     source ident  source ident
      Reference Timestamp     ignore     time of last  time of last
                                         radio update  radio update
      Originate Timestamp     ignore     copied from   0
                                         transmit
                                         timestamp
      Receive Timestamp       ignore     time of day   0
      Transmit Timestamp      (see text) time of day   time of day
      Authenticator           optional   optional      optional

7. Configuration and Management

Unicast clients must be provided with the designated server name or address. If a server name is used, the address of one of more DNS servers must be provided. Multicast servers and anycast clients must be provided with the TTL and local broadcast or multicast group address. Anycast servers and multicast clients may be configured with a list of address-mask pairs for access control, so that only those clients or servers known to be trusted will be used. These servers and clients must implement the IGMP protocol and be provided with the local broadcast or multicast group address as well. The configuration data for cryptographic authentication is beyond the scope of this document.

There are several scenarios which provide automatic server discovery and selection for SNTP clients with no pre-specified configuration, other than the IP address and subnet mask or OSI NSAP address. For a IP subnet or LAN segment including a fully functional NTP server, the clients can be configured for multicast mode using the local broadcast address. The same approach can be used with other servers using the multicast group address. In both cases, provision of an access control list is a good way to insure only trusted sources can be used to set the local clock. In another scenario suitable for an extended network with significant network propagation delays, clients can be configured for anycast mode, both upon initial startup and after some period when the currently selected unicast source has not been heard. Following the defined protocol, the client binds to the first reply heard and continues operation in unicast mode. In this mode the local clock can be automatically adjusted to compensate for the propagation delay.

In still another scenario suitable for any network and where multicast service is not available, the DNS can be set up with a common CNAME, like time.domain.net, and a list of address records for NTP servers in the same domain. Upon resolving time.domain.net and obtaining the list, the client selects a server at random and begins operation in unicast mode with that server. Many variations on this theme are possible.

8. Acknowledgements

9. References

[DAR81] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, USC Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.

[DEE89] Deering, S., "Host extensions for IP multicasting", STD 5, RFC 1112, Stanford University, August 1989.

[DEE96] Deering, S., R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 1883, Xerox and Ipsilon, January 1996.

[DOB91] Dobbins, K, W. Haggerty, C. Shue, "OSI connectionless transport services on top of UDP - Version: 1", RFC 1240, Open Software Foundation, June 1991.

[EAS95] Eastlake, D., 3rd., and C. Kaufman, "Domain Name System Security Extensions", Work in Progress.

[FUR94] Furniss, P., "Octet sequences for upper-layer OSI to support basic communications applications", RFC 1698, Consultant, October 1994. [HIN96] Hinden, R., and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 addressing Architecture", RFC 1884, Ipsilon and Xerox, January 1996.

[ISO86] International Standards 8602 - Information Processing Systems - OSI: Connectionless Transport Protocol Specification. International Standards Organization, December 1986.

[MIL92] Mills, D., "Network Time Protocol (Version 3) specification, implementation and analysis", RFC 1305, University of Delaware, March 1992.

[PAR93] Partridge, C., T. Mendez and W. Milliken, "Host anycasting service", RFC 1546, Bolt Beranek Newman, November 1993.

[POS80] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, USC Information Sciences Institute, August 1980.

[POS83] Postel, J., "Time Protocol", STD 26, RFC 868, USC Information Sciences Institute, May 1983.

Security Considerations

Author's Address

   David L. Mills
   Electrical Engineering Department
   University of Delaware
   Newark, DE 19716
   Phone: (302) 831-8247